Medical Health Information

In 1831, Alexandre Moreau de Jonnes, after reviewing a long series of observations on the events of cholera in India and the Middle East, released its report on the Board of Health on the pestilential cholera morbus (he had made known his opinions since 1820). There, in advance contagious nature of the disease, the cause of which is not a resident in his view, the environment - as well as classical theories of the epidemic argued then - but the germ activity "has the right to grow and multiply as organized beings" (he's talking about, but still gaseous emanation, effluvium of which affect people, including breathing).

At first, the thesis Moreau de Jonnes seems to dominate the Academy of Medicine as the Academy of Sciences. However, soon he will meet opposition who developed Jachnichen doctor in Moscow, which eventually succeed: the need to maintain international trade relations have weighed in favor of the theory of non-infectiousness.

In 1832, Joseph Marc Limouzin-Lamothe, pharmacist Albi, see the "primitive and fundamental cause" of cholera morbus in "animalcules or cholera atoms."

Several articles in the Times in September 1849 that the disease theory of telluric Max Von Pettenkofer, electrical theory, theory and the theory of Justus Von ozonic work depends on the point spread by zymotic review explaining the theory of Liebig. Of London (London) Doctor John Snow water as the only way of transmission of the disease in the primary edition of his book on the mode of communication of cholera means his opinion known, the same year in 1849. This is also the unique originality of this first book attests as well still a strong influence of Liebig's ideas. Notwithstanding these early writings meet the skepticism of his contemporaries. In the second edition of 1854, extensively revised, Snow, based on the example of smallpox and syphilis, hypothesizes a kind of animalcule, which ingested would grow in the intestines before be evacuated in the stool.

After the epidemic of 1849, the British Parliament demanded by the Metropolis Water Act of 1852, all the water was gone from London before distribution through slow sand filters. The usefulness of this method will be demonstrated in 1892 when the city of Altona who resorted was spared by the cholera hit hard yet the nearby city of Hamburg.

In 1883, cholera epidemic in Egypt alarmed by the news, and fear that it will be reached later in Europe, the French and German governments will study each one mission. Committee consisting of Roux's Nocard Strauss and Thullier - Missionary Pastor - try to reproduce the disease in animals naturally, because of the resistance which is impossible.

In the nineteenth century, cholera spread repeatedly from its original reservoir in the Ganges delta in India, the rest of the world, before receding to South Asia. The Six pandemics have killed millions of people in Europe, Africa and the Americas. The seventh pandemic, which still exists today, began in 1961 in southern Asia and Africa won in 1971 and America in 1991. The disease is now endemic in many countries, and it is currently impossible to eliminate the pathogen in the environment.

Two serogroups of V. cholerae serogroups 01 and 0139, can cause outbreaks. The main reservoirs are human and aquatic environments conducive to algal blooms (plankton) as brackish water and estuaries. Recent studies indicate that climate change could create a favorable environment for V. cholerae and increase the frequency of the disease in vulnerable areas. Most outbreaks are caused by serogroup 01. Serogroup 0139, revealed for the first time in Bangladesh in 1992, possesses the same virulence factors as 01 and a similar clinical picture.

The Vibrio 0139 has now been reported in Southeast Asia and East Asia, but it is ignored if it spreads to other regions. It is recommended to monitor careful epidemiological strengthen it. Other strains of V. cholerae 01 and 0139 can cause mild diarrhea, but no epidemics.

The first historical description by a European was made in 1503 by an officer of Vasco de Gama, which describes an epidemic of diarrhea cataclysmic rapidly fatal (in eight hours) and causing 20 000 deaths in Calicut (India). It initially limited to Asia (India, China and Indonesia ), epidemics develop in the nineteenth century in real pandemic reaching the Middle East, the Europe and Americas.

Formerly kit gallant old familiar name of cholera (which removed the gallant young man).

Seven pandemics are identified:
First pandemic (1817-1825): part of Asia it affects the Africa Eastern and from 1823, the Asia Minor and in the wake of the Russia, and Europe.

Second cholera pandemic (1826-1841): the epidemic spreads from Mecca to the Egypt and Europe.

Third pandemic (1846-1861): the epidemic part of China hits the Maghreb (especially the Algeria ) and Europe.

Fourth pandemic (1863-1876): it affects northern Europe, the Belgium in 1866, the North Africa and South America.

Fifth pandemic (1883-1896): the epidemic spreads from India to the east and the west on several continents.

Sixth pandemic (1899-1923): from Asia, the epidemic is spreading in Russia and then in Central and Western Europe.

Seventh pandemic (since 1961): The 7th pandemic, part of Indonesia in 1961, invaded Asia (1962), and the Middle East and parts of Europe (1965), and then expands in 1970 the African continent, and in 1991, the Latin America. It is in Africa, where cholera is now so endemic that the situation is more worrying at present. An outbreak was also reported in Kabul after the U.S. occupation of Afghanistan, more than 2000 cases were reported in the Afghan capital in June 2005. A cholera epidemic affects Haiti in the fall of 2010, where November 25, 1500 it was announced dead and 23,000 infected people.

Knowledge of disease

Cholera, the appearance of a diarrhea.
In the nineteenth century, the West did not experience an epidemic of cholera, a disease where the time has not yet been identified, the structure will be. Although doctors knew under the name of cholera, inherited from the former, a disease with symptoms similar to that happening. It then wondered if Indian or Asiatic cholera was identical to the known forms called cholera morbus (or cholera European cholera morbus Sydenham, cholera English Graves, sporadic cholera). Sometimes still be distinguished four forms of cholera cholerine benign, curable franc cholera, cholera ataxic usually fatal cholera and lightning always deadly. It was not until the work of Robert Koch for some answers: cholera morbus that occurs in the so-called industrialized countries towards the end of the summer is not transmitted from person to person, and human waste does not contain the Vibrio cholera Indian head, which is acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella.

Nurse helping a man suffering from cholera to drink a rehydration solution.

Cholera directed faecal - oral route or through the consumption of contaminated food and water can transmit bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, due to a severe intestinal infection. The most serious form of the disease is characterized by the sudden onset of acute watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and kidney failure fatal. Incubation period is very short - two hours to five days - because of the explosive increase dramatically increases the risk of incidents quickly.

Approximately, 75% of people infected show no symptoms, but the pathogens stay in their faeces for seven to fourteen days and is discharged into the environment, potentially infecting others. Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that affects both children and adults. Unlike other diarrheal diseases, which kill healthy adults within hours. The risk of death is higher in patients immunocompromised as malnourished children or people living with HIV.

In mild cases, cholera manifested by enteritis, which is usually not diagnosed as cholera. As well as diarrhea and hypokalemia, and acidosis, which can lead to dehydration and loss of minerals, (day 50 to 100) is often profuse watery. Severe vomiting itself clearly. The stools are colorless and odorless (appearance of "rice water"). In severe cases, this metabolic modification can result in death within a day or two.

The correct diagnosis is made by culture of bacteria from feces.
Treatment consists primarily rehydration, Which resolved spontaneously within a few days longer keeps the patient alive. Joint, limiting the spread of microbes to antibiotics can be administered at the beginning.

In endemic areas, prevention of cholera consists essentially of measures of health, including preventing the crossing of the food chain with the chain of excrement.

On a personal level, it is necessary to wash hands thoroughly and avoid collective towel. It must clean and disinfect everything that has been in contact with fecal matter (NB: sick or not sick, they are, in fact, healthy carriers ).

Regarding food, you should use clean water for hygiene, drinking and washing food: if the country does not have a network of sewage disposal and water treatment, Use water delivered encapsulated in a bottle (which will be unsealed ahead) or if water boiled or chlorinated. We must beware of "hidden" sources of contaminated water: fruits and vegetables that may have been washed with unhygienic water (it should peel), ice, ice-creams and sorbets. Avoid seafood Regarding collective action, organizing the supply of drinking water at least for drinking and washing and disposal of feces.

There are several vaccines whose effectiveness is not absolute and are not mandatory in any country. Although more widely available to protect 90% of people vaccinated, the price of about $ 20 per dose and the fact that its effectiveness is only six months to a year, prevents overcome disease. This vaccine is marketed, especially for travelers. Other vaccines already exist in much smaller quantities. However, a new vaccine cheaper has shown promising results. Its oral absorption and its price can be a major player in the fight against the disease in the future.

The sulfadoxine (en) has been used successfully in the past according to the recommendations of the Doctor Lapeyssonnie, the Armed Forces Health Service (SSA) .
Researchers also believe to designate in advance the areas of risk and outbreak of plague in the endemic area by continuous analysis (monitoring) satellite imagery to predict outbreaks of copepods needed to trigger epidemics from outbreaks of phytoplankton.

A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is recommended by the WHO to obviate a possible outbreak of cholera control is not the case of the health sector alone. Sectors of water, sanitation, education and communication, among others, are also affected but not only essential.

Cholera

Cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae, Pacini discovered in 1854 and coach in 1883 by lethal intestinal infection infectious disease caused by comma bacillus. Strictly limited to the human species, it has diarrhea, sudden and rich (gastroenteritis) caused by severe dehydration. The most classic form can cause death in more than half of the cases, in the absence of treatment (from a few hours for three days).

Contamination is oral, fecal, by drinking water or contaminated food. Cholera was the first disease pestilential to be, from the nineteenth century, international monitoring.

A few cases of cholera are counted each year; in most cases, the disease was contracted abroad; five cases of cholera were counted between Aboriginal in 1970 and 1996.

Signs and symptoms
The first symptoms of cholera are a diarrhea and painful vomiting of clear fluids. These symptoms occur in a lively manner, one to five days after ingestion of the bacterium. Diarrhea is described as having a sticky odor. An individual who is not treated can produce 10-20 liters of diarrhea a day with the inevitable result that is important.

Individual suffering from dehydration after cholera.

Cholera Other meanings:
The " fowl cholera "(and poultry) is due to a kind of germ Pasteurella, later named in honor of Louis Pasteur, not the germ Vibrio cholerae that causes cholera is classic.

Cholera fingers, or nightingale tanners, is a very painful ulceration affecting Tanners and Dressers.

Cholera infantum cholera-means enteritis, a disease affecting children of early age.
Cholera morbus is an appellation outdated, today it refers to a form of acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella.

Media
The expression is inherited scared of these periods of cholera, which caused cyanosis marked. Dehydration caused by cholera sometimes causing muscle contractions after death, Who hhadbelieved that people were still buried alive.