What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
Congenital heart defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
What are congenital heart defects?
Congenital malformations of the heart or major blood vessels surrounding the heart, is not uncommon. Many of these will be so small that they will never give any problems. For such a deformity to be called a congenital heart defect, it must be of such a nature or magnitude that it affects the quality of life or life expectancy. Congenital heart defects are formed when the heart is formed, that is, in the first part of pregnancy. However, it is not unusual that the error first discovered a few years out in the child's life.
There are a number of different types of heart failure. For most of them will also be the degree or magnitude of the individual errors could vary. Combinations of several types of heart failure also occurs. Congenital heart defects are among the most common "birth defects" and is the most common cause of death due to inborn errors.
How does the heart?
Heart
The heart is a muscle that acts as a pump and supply the body with blood. It is divided into four cavities or "chamber". We have two atria and two ventricle, one of each on the right and one of each on the left side. Atria release blood into the heart chamber, and it is heart chamber which has the main power and pumps blood out to the body (left side) or the pulmonary circulation (right). Between the chambers are valves or flaps. These work in the way that they just do not have the blood through in one direction and prevents blood from flowing back where it came from.
Cycle
Blood circulation through the body is an endless circle. We can start in the heart's right side, and from there goes to the lungs and the blood is enriched with oxygen. The oxygen rich blood has a clear red color (when bleeding blood will always be red, because the blood when in contact with air) and are now transported back to the heart. The heart's left side (which is the strongest part of the heart muscle) carry the blood through the arteries (arteries) to the body's tissues and organs. Pulse veins or arteries is a common term for the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood out to the body. As oxygen is consumed, blood becomes darker. The dark bluish blood back then transported to the heart's right side through the veins (of the body's blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart), and then we are back to the starting point where the cycle continues.
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot affects about 1 in 10 of the children who have congenital heart defects. The condition is a combination of four different heart defects that together lead to a lot of blood is prevented from reaching the lungs. The child will then have a blue discoloration of the skin, and are weak and sickly. New surgical techniques make it possible to repair these errors early, so most children with this disorder can live normal or nearly normal lives.
What is the cause of congenital heart defects?
The nearly 500 children born with congenital hjertefei l each year. Only in a small number of these can say with certainty what causes heart disease.
Some diseases of genetic systems (so-called genetic diseases) is associated with heart defects, the most common of which is Down syndrome. Third of children with Down syndrome have heart defects. It also seems that the inheritance may play a role. If parents or siblings have heart failure, the risk of having a new child with heart failure increased.
There are also environmental / external factors that can cause heart failure. The most common here are some viruses and some drug. Mothers who get rubella in the first part of pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to children with heart defects.
Some drugs can also increase the risk of developing heart disease if they are taken during pregnancy - especially if taken in the first third of pregnancy. Use of alcohol during pregnancy also increases the risk of heart failure. Especially children who are born with so-called "fetal alcohol syndrome" are more likely to have congenital heart defects. Also the use of cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk that the child will be born with malformations of the heart.
Some chronic diseases in the mother increases the risk of heart defects in the baby. This includes diabetes . The risk in diabetics can be reduced and is negligible if your blood sugar is well controlled before and during pregnancy. Mothers with the rare disease phenylketonuria or Follings disease is likely to have children with heart defects unless they follow a carefully balanced diet before and during pregnancy.
How will doctors and hospitals investigate child?
Most heart defects detected by routine inspections unless the child has shown no signs of heart disease. It is often detected, a "murmur" when the doctor listens to heart. Children with normal hearts may also have heart murmurs, but it will often be necessary to have further tests to find out if there is something wrong in the heart causing the murmur.
If your child has symptoms of their heart defects may take the form of increased incidence of respiratory infections. In infants, a brand that they have difficulty breathing when they eat, they will often also have lower weight gain than one would expect. Swelling in the legs, abdomen or around the eyes can also occur and is a sign of poor cardiac function.
Some heart defects cause a blue-pale coloring of the skin, a symptom medicine called cyanosis. This detects an often soon after birth, but in some cases it will not appear until later in childhood. The cause of blueing is that blood does not contain enough oxygen. A child with cyanosis become easily tired, short of breath and can faint - especially during exertion. A typical characteristic of children with this type of heart failure is that they are much squatting, as this makes it easier to breathe.
In suspected heart defect baby will be thoroughly examined in hospital. It can be done a lot of research, but ultrasound usually provides the most information. This survey is called echocardiography, and is not dangerous or uncomfortable. It shows us how the heart looks like, and the direction and speed of blood pumped through the heart.
Other studies done in the hospital, blood pressure measurement, measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood, ECG and a survey called cardiac catheterization
How are congenital heart defects?
The medicine has come a long way when it comes to the treatment of congenital heart defects. Today, there are treatment options that make the most with heart disease can live a full or near-normal lives. Treatment can take the form of surgery, medicines or aid as artificial heart valves and pacemakers. What type of treatment given will depend on its nature and size. Advances in surgical technique allows heart surgery can now be done much earlier than before, more than half now operated before 2 years of age.
How is long-term prospects?
This will be different for each case. Most can be treated, but there are also cases where heart failure is so large or complex that one can not do anything about it.
Because the differences are so large you have to ask the specialist about the outlook for your child.
Tetralogy of Fallot
What are congenital heart defects?
Congenital malformations of the heart or major blood vessels surrounding the heart, is not uncommon. Many of these will be so small that they will never give any problems. For such a deformity to be called a congenital heart defect, it must be of such a nature or magnitude that it affects the quality of life or life expectancy. Congenital heart defects are formed when the heart is formed, that is, in the first part of pregnancy. However, it is not unusual that the error first discovered a few years out in the child's life.
There are a number of different types of heart failure. For most of them will also be the degree or magnitude of the individual errors could vary. Combinations of several types of heart failure also occurs. Congenital heart defects are among the most common "birth defects" and is the most common cause of death due to inborn errors.
How does the heart?
Heart
The heart is a muscle that acts as a pump and supply the body with blood. It is divided into four cavities or "chamber". We have two atria and two ventricle, one of each on the right and one of each on the left side. Atria release blood into the heart chamber, and it is heart chamber which has the main power and pumps blood out to the body (left side) or the pulmonary circulation (right). Between the chambers are valves or flaps. These work in the way that they just do not have the blood through in one direction and prevents blood from flowing back where it came from.
Cycle
Blood circulation through the body is an endless circle. We can start in the heart's right side, and from there goes to the lungs and the blood is enriched with oxygen. The oxygen rich blood has a clear red color (when bleeding blood will always be red, because the blood when in contact with air) and are now transported back to the heart. The heart's left side (which is the strongest part of the heart muscle) carry the blood through the arteries (arteries) to the body's tissues and organs. Pulse veins or arteries is a common term for the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood out to the body. As oxygen is consumed, blood becomes darker. The dark bluish blood back then transported to the heart's right side through the veins (of the body's blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart), and then we are back to the starting point where the cycle continues.
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot affects about 1 in 10 of the children who have congenital heart defects. The condition is a combination of four different heart defects that together lead to a lot of blood is prevented from reaching the lungs. The child will then have a blue discoloration of the skin, and are weak and sickly. New surgical techniques make it possible to repair these errors early, so most children with this disorder can live normal or nearly normal lives.
What is the cause of congenital heart defects?
The nearly 500 children born with congenital hjertefei l each year. Only in a small number of these can say with certainty what causes heart disease.
Some diseases of genetic systems (so-called genetic diseases) is associated with heart defects, the most common of which is Down syndrome. Third of children with Down syndrome have heart defects. It also seems that the inheritance may play a role. If parents or siblings have heart failure, the risk of having a new child with heart failure increased.
There are also environmental / external factors that can cause heart failure. The most common here are some viruses and some drug. Mothers who get rubella in the first part of pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to children with heart defects.
Some drugs can also increase the risk of developing heart disease if they are taken during pregnancy - especially if taken in the first third of pregnancy. Use of alcohol during pregnancy also increases the risk of heart failure. Especially children who are born with so-called "fetal alcohol syndrome" are more likely to have congenital heart defects. Also the use of cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk that the child will be born with malformations of the heart.
Some chronic diseases in the mother increases the risk of heart defects in the baby. This includes diabetes . The risk in diabetics can be reduced and is negligible if your blood sugar is well controlled before and during pregnancy. Mothers with the rare disease phenylketonuria or Follings disease is likely to have children with heart defects unless they follow a carefully balanced diet before and during pregnancy.
How will doctors and hospitals investigate child?
Most heart defects detected by routine inspections unless the child has shown no signs of heart disease. It is often detected, a "murmur" when the doctor listens to heart. Children with normal hearts may also have heart murmurs, but it will often be necessary to have further tests to find out if there is something wrong in the heart causing the murmur.
If your child has symptoms of their heart defects may take the form of increased incidence of respiratory infections. In infants, a brand that they have difficulty breathing when they eat, they will often also have lower weight gain than one would expect. Swelling in the legs, abdomen or around the eyes can also occur and is a sign of poor cardiac function.
Some heart defects cause a blue-pale coloring of the skin, a symptom medicine called cyanosis. This detects an often soon after birth, but in some cases it will not appear until later in childhood. The cause of blueing is that blood does not contain enough oxygen. A child with cyanosis become easily tired, short of breath and can faint - especially during exertion. A typical characteristic of children with this type of heart failure is that they are much squatting, as this makes it easier to breathe.
In suspected heart defect baby will be thoroughly examined in hospital. It can be done a lot of research, but ultrasound usually provides the most information. This survey is called echocardiography, and is not dangerous or uncomfortable. It shows us how the heart looks like, and the direction and speed of blood pumped through the heart.
Other studies done in the hospital, blood pressure measurement, measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood, ECG and a survey called cardiac catheterization
How are congenital heart defects?
The medicine has come a long way when it comes to the treatment of congenital heart defects. Today, there are treatment options that make the most with heart disease can live a full or near-normal lives. Treatment can take the form of surgery, medicines or aid as artificial heart valves and pacemakers. What type of treatment given will depend on its nature and size. Advances in surgical technique allows heart surgery can now be done much earlier than before, more than half now operated before 2 years of age.
How is long-term prospects?
This will be different for each case. Most can be treated, but there are also cases where heart failure is so large or complex that one can not do anything about it.
Because the differences are so large you have to ask the specialist about the outlook for your child.
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